دو ماهنامه سلامت کار ایران
سال بیستم شماره 1 (فروردین و اردیبهشت 1402)

The amount and quality of use of medical services is the same for all levels of Social Security fund retirees. While some pay less for the same medical services and others a much higher cost. And this is while retirees are mainly dissatisfied with the two categories of livelihood and treatment, especially during the outbreak of emerging and widespread diseases such as coronavirus (COVIDE19), which will undoubtedly have a greater impact on the health of retirees. Insurance justice requires that in order to receive the same medical services, no different insurance premiums be provided for each person and all retirees pay a certain amount of premium deductions

There is evidence that driver distraction is one of the major causes of vehicle accidents. One of the key factors that can affect people's driving performance drastically, is texting. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the effects of texting on driving functions using a driving simulator.

This study was conducted on 80 students ranging from the ages of 20 to 40 and using a class 2 simulator. To check the performance of the drivers, reaction time variables, lane lateral deviation of the car, speed control, were used in two modes of driving without texting and driving while texting. The main scenario of the study consisted of driving a distance of 20 km on a highway.

The average momentary lane lateral deviation of the car for drivers in two stages without texting and while texting, was 0.88 and 1.36 meters, respectively, which had a statistically significant difference (P<0.001). Also, the average reaction time for drivers in the two stages without texting and while texting was 1.23 and 1.52 seconds respectively, which had a statistically significant difference (P<0.001). Furthermore, the average speed for the drivers in the two stages was 35.12 and 34.04 m/s, respectively, which had a statistically significant difference (P=0.020).

It is indicated that texting while driving has a negative impact on driving performance. The results of this study have direct consequences for drivers who are involved in this type of distracting behavior while driving, therefore it is important and essential for drivers to be aware of the impact of using cell phones while driving on driving performance.

The biggest threat to human health and life is the Covid-19 virus in these days, and until today no cure has been identified for it. Compliance to preventive behaviors is the best and only way to control and prevent its spread. The present study was done with the aim of investigating the predisposing factors of nursing studentchr('39') compliance of preventive behaviors of COVID-19 based on health belief model.

This descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the period from September to October 2016, with the participation of 225 nursing students from a medical university with a census sampling. The tool of study was   seven questionnaires that completed   through cyberspace. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistic and   Prediction was also performed based on the Health Belief model with simple regression and adjusted with the softwar SPSS v23.

Most of the samples were undergraduate students (83.6%) and women (67.1%). The mean age of students was 24.73 (SD = 8.28) years and the mean score of nursing studentschr('39') compliance of Covid-19, was 39 (SD = 4.5). Univariate regression showed that the variables of age, gender, educational status, economic status, and cues to action, perceived benefits and self-efficacy were predictors of   compliance to preventive behaviors of Covid 19. In multivariate regression, only the variables of gender (<0.001), cues to action (0.032) and perceived benefits (0.033) remained as the final predictors. These variables predicted a total of 22.6% of changes in compliance of preventive behaviors

Gender, cues to action and perceived benefits were strongest predictors of student behavior from compliance to Covid-19. Therefore, more attention to male students as well as planning based on the Health Belief Model with emphasis on strengthening the cues to action and perceived benefits in order to improve preventive behaviors of Covid-19 in nursing students is recommended.

In complex systems, human error has always been identified as an effective factor in most accidents. In the power plant industry, various accidents occur due to human error and while affecting the stability of the country's electricity network, it can cause financial and human losses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the human error of the personnel operating a V94.2 gas power plant using the fuzzy HEART technique.

This cross-sectional study was performed on gas plant operation personnel. In this study, the probability of human error was calculated using fuzzy logic in the HEART technique. Then, the technique was performed in 7 stages. The steps include identifying the system / process, then identifying the existing tasks, assigning the nominal probability of human error, identifying the error-increasing conditions, then estimating the impact ratio, quantifying the human error potential, and in the seventh stage control measures. Finally, the HEART method was improved using fuzzy logic.

In this study, a total of 13 tasks and 119 sub-tasks were obtained. The 24 tasks had a high probability of final human error (HEPF), which is 20% of the total tasks evaluated. The probability of final human error was calculated to be 7.213. Most tasks were in Group D (relatively simple task) general classification of HEART tasks. In more than 98% of the tasks, "insufficient checking" was considered as one of the error-enhancing conditions and had the highest repetition among the error-enhancing conditions. Among all the activities, "Checking the openness of the internal power supply's disconnector" had the highest probability of human error. In 22 tasks out of 24 tasks with a higher probability of human error, training and justification of the operator or shift engineer has been suggested as control solutions.

The results obtained in this study showed that training in performing tasks is necessary to reduce the possibility of human error. Also, for tasks with a high probability of human error, retraining and justification of operators and paying attention to work instructions and using work rotation tools can be considered as the most important measures to prevent human error.

Given the lack of a developed physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for human systemic exposure assessment of methylene diisocyanate (MDI) and prediction of its urinary metabolites, this study aims to develop a PBTK model for exposure risk assessment of MDI.

In this study, to assess the potential exposure to the MDI, a PBTK model was constructed with parameter uncertainty and variability and calibrated using Bayesian analysis via Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. Exposure reconstruction or reverse dosimetry was performed as an occupational exposure risk assessment through time-kinetic urinary elimination of methylenedianiline (MDA), as the biomarker of MDI, in those exposed to unknown exposure scenarios.

Approximately 15 hours after the start of exposure, the amount of MDA excretion peaked. Understanding simulation results of reverse dosimetry for both exposed persons to the unknown concentration of MDI revealed experienced more systemic exposure than NOAEL (NOAEL = 0.2 ug / l), the exposure concentration (±SD) was 1.58 (±0.856) and 1.005 (±0.705) ug/l for person A and B, respectively. Comparison of predicted results with experimental data shows the model can estimate the kinetic elimination closely to experimental data (R2 = 0.9).

Developed model can be performed to estimate the internal dose of body tissues and understand the risk of occupational exposures by comparing the simulation of biological monitoring with acceptable limit values and determining the potential of external exposure.

Ignoring domestic violence as serious social harm can cause irreparable damage to society. The purpose of this study is to investigates the relationship between relationship standards and domestic violence with the mediating role of individual well-being in the hospital staff of Bojnord city.

The research was designed for correlation through structural equation modeling. The sample consisting of 250 married employees from teaching hospitals in Bojnord city was selected by using the census method. Participants completed the Inventory of Specific Relationship Standards (ISRS), General Well-being Questionnaire (GWB), and Conflict Resolution Tactics Questionnaire (CTS2). The structural modeling analysis, with the application of Anderson & Gerbing's two-step approach through Amos -24 and SPSS-24 software packages was used to test the proposed model. Also, the bootstrapping method was used to evaluate indirect effects.

The results showed that the relationship standards and individual well-being have a significant relation with the prevention of domestic violence. Also, the mediating effect of individual well-being in the relationship between relationship standards with domestic violence was confirmed (P < 0.0001).

The present study showed the mediator role of personal well-being in the relationship between relationship standards with domestic violence. Therefore, couples therapy interventions can reduce domestic violence by relying on relationship standards as well as educating couples to enhance individual well-being.

Although international conventions and codes of conduct in the workplace have recognized respect for women in the occupational spaces, harassment of women in the workplace is an important issue for public and private organizations, especially human rights activists. Given that harassment of women in the workplace, on the one hand, endangers their job security and, on the other hand, has detrimental consequences, the criminological study of the causes of harassment of women in the workplace is an important issue in gender-based approaches. However, because the situation of women in the workplace varies from country to country, the aim of this study was to investigate the causes of harassment of women in the workplace at Loghman Hakim Hospital in Herat, Afghanistan.

The statistical population of this study is the staff of Loghman Hakim Hospital, of which using Cochran's formula, 151 people were selected as the final volume based on stratified random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with emphasis on six administrative, political, economic, cultural, social and legal variables. One- sample t-test was used to examine the relationship between variables and harassment of women in Loghman Hakim Hospital and Friedman test was used to rank the variables.

The results of one- sample t-test showed that all six variables have a direct and significant relationship with harassment of women in Loghman Hakim Hospital. However, the findings of Friedman test proved that among the six variables, the legal factor is in the first rank and the economic variable is in the last rank.

Considering the existing structures in Afghan society, it seems that a variety of different factors are effective in harassing women in the workplace. This, which originates from the cultural structures in this country, on the one hand, confirms the patriarchal culture in this society, and on the other hand, shows the legal gaps in the field of protection of women. More precisely, the existence of masculine attitudes in the workplace recognizes the harassment of women. At the same time, the lack of independent criminalization of harassment of women in the workplace in the Afghan penal system is a legal challenge that can help perpetuate male hegemony.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the organizational and individual resilience of the staff of an educational and medical center affiliated to Gonabad University of Medical Sciences in the Corona pandemic.

In this cross-sectional study, first the psychological resilience of 300 hospital staff was assessed using the Connor-Davidson resilience questionnaire. In the second part of the study, the resilience of Allameh Behlool Gonabadi Hospital was measured by a validated questionnaire by 55 members of the crisis committee, members of the hospital accident command chart and hospital managers. Data were analyzed using IBM-SPSSv2 software.

The mean age of the respondents to the individual resilience and organizational resilience questionnaire was 38.98 and 37.7 years, respectively, and their average work experience was 9.22 and 12.93 years. The mean score of organizational resilience was 158.34 21 21.60 (ranging from 46 to 230) which was in the average range. Among the dimensions of organizational resilience, the average capacity adaptation showed the highest figure. The mean individual resilience score of employees was 66.04 11 11.92 (ranging from 0 to 100), which was also in the average range. Also, there was a significant relationship between organizational resilience assessment and staff education (P = 0.035), work experience (P = 0.025) and job groups (P = 0.040).

It seems that success in designing and implementing interventions to improve hospital resilience requires an integrated approach to various aspects of resilience in the hospital, including individual, organizational, extra-organizational and the relationship between them.

Nurses are one of the most important elements of health care system that have been in a stressful situation during the Covid-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and sources of nurses' occupational stressand identify related factors during this period.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 392 nurses of Rasht educational and medical centers in January to March 2021 selected with stratified random method. Demographic and occupational stress data (by Expanded Nursing Stress Scale questionnaire) werecollected. Data analyses performed by descriptive statistics and multiple regression models with SPSS software version 26.

The mean age of nurses were 37.8±8.8 years old. Stress was mild in 62% of nurses, moderate in 20% and severe in 2%. Death and dying situation (1/78±0/74), uncertainty concerning treatments (1.71±0.72) and workload (1.69±0.68), expressed higher occupational stress. Working in the intensive care units or emergency ward, higher education, excessive hours of work and female gender were independently predictors of more occupational stress and these characteristics determined 15% of the variance of stress scores.

Stress related to the job during the Covid-19 pandemic is high, and stress in the workplace, especially in intensive care units and emergency ward, should be reduced and standard work shifts should be developed. Furthermore, training of stress management in situations of patients’ death and dying, high workload and uncertainty concerning treatment in pandemic conditions for at risk population of nurses should be done.

Due to the nature of the Car Manufacturing Industry and the risks and incidents in such industries, organizational commitment to safety and implementation of a safety culture is essential for working in these industries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the safety culture and its possible association with just culture in the employees of the Car Manufacturing Industry.

Metods:

 This study was a descriptive-analytical and was cross-sectionally conducted among a sample of 175 individuals who were the employees of a Car Manufacturing industry. In order to assess the safety culture and just culture, a five-dimensional Safety Culture Questionnaire with 61 items and six-dimensional Questionnaire with and 27 questions were used respectively. Linear regression analysis and chi-square test used to analyze the data, and to determine significant relationships.

The mean and standard deviation score of safety culture in workers and Supervisors were 200.8 ± 22.26 and 214.56 ± 19.4; which represents the safety culture of the organization. The results of the study showed that there is a significant relationship between safety culture and education level of supervisors as well as the incident events in both groups of workers and supervisors. A significant relationship found between five dimensions of safety Culture and six section of just culture.

The results showed the relationship between safety culture and just culture. The just culture is dependent on the safety culture. As the safety culture increases, the just culture will increase and the communication between the workers of the organization would be better

  Parking areas that are gathering places for tank trucks are potentially dangerous places. This study analyzes accident consequences of oil products carriers, to check and compare the hazard radius with recommended separation distances.

This descriptive-analytical study was carried out in 5 stages, including: scenario selection, determination of the accidents source parameters, determination of atmospheric conditions, selection of reference values, and modeling the analysis of scenarios and its consequences. The process hazard analysis software tool (PHAST) is used to analyze the consequences of accidents in liquid petroleum gas and gasoline tankers.

  Based on average values, the appropriate separation distances are 50±25.8 m and 361.4±184.8 m for leakage and catastrophic rupture of a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tanker, and 28.3±14.9 m and 571.2±137.6 m for leakage and catastrophic rupture of a petrol tanker, respectively. The separation distance based on the catastrophic rupture is so large that it is not practical for the design and management of road tanker parking area. According to the leakage scenario, a safety distance of 28.3-50 m is required. Separation distance based on catastrophic rupture is so great, it has no applicability in designing and managing road tanker parking areas. According to the leakage scenario, a safety distance of approximately 28.3-50 m is needed.

 With the existing separation criteria a tanker accident may spread to other parts of the parking lot and it can lead to a disaster. Therefore, it seems necessary to review and update the guidelines and standards in parking lot design and separation distances as well as emergency planning.

The work ability index based on a person 's health statuse predicts the ability to continue working now and in near feature.  proper assessment of work ability in covid 19 recoveries is important for both patients and employers and its enhancement leads to the efficiency of human resourses in industries and organizations. The working staff’s efficiency is a matter of their work ability. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between the work ability of patients recovering from Covid-19 and the severity of their disease.

 The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 404 Covid-19 survivors who referred to the specialized medical work center in Mashhad University of medical sciences to apply for the job. The required data were collected using the Work Ability Index (WAI). The severity of disease was categorized as either inpatient or outpatient.

Among the total number of participants, there were 41 (10.1%) inpatients and 363 (89.9%) outpatients. The work ability of 4 participants (1%) was low, 303 (75%) moderate and 96 participants (23.8%) as high and 1 (0.2%) as very high. The mean work ability of Covid-19 inpatients was 35.24±2.85 and that of outpatients was 34.73±2.66. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (p=0.25).

in the light of the present findings it can be concluded that the severity of disease did not affect the work ability of Covid-19 patients. The mean work ability of the two groups was moderate. However, the findings showed that Covid-19 infection affected the staff’s work ability. Thus, it is essential to pay adequate attention to the more at-risk staff.

Identifying the costs of accidents and modeling them can encourage industries to build safety systems. Oil derivatives storage tanks are among the most important industrial facilities that are always effective in domino effects in the oil industry. Therefore, the present study investigated the economic consequences of the fire and explosion domino phenomenon in oil refinery storage tanks.

In the present study, Phast software was used to determine the heat flux, and R-statistical software and igraph R package were used to model the graph. The centrality measures (i.e., betweenness, in-closeness, out-closeness, and all-closeness)for the tank graph based on the thermal threshold of 10 kW/m2 and 15 kW/m2 were evaluated using R software.

According to Dow’s fire and explosion index, the degree of hazard of these tanks was high and intense. Results showed that the lowest and the highest values of Dow’s fire and explosion index are related to kerosene (71) and pentane and naphtha gas (187.42), respectively. Evaluating the contact area in case of a domino effect showed that this effect can increase the cost of the accident up to 2 times. Also, implementing necessary safety plans such as a fire alarm system reduces the cost of accidents by 50%.

Using graph theory allows the graphical modeling of domino scenarios and identification of the most vulnerable tanks in terms of the trigger potential and expansion of domino effects. The most vulnerable tanks are prioritized for protective measures, such as active and inactive safety barriers. Overall, the effect of implementing safety plans in reducing fire and explosion to protect the tanks is the same as the fire alarm system.

Little is known about the causes and contributing factors of fire accidents in medical centers, like the fire accident in Sina Mehr medical clinic in Tehran on June 30, 2020 (19 killed and 14 injured). This study aims to analyze the causes and contributing factors of fire accidents in medical centers to prevent similar accidents.

We used literature review, official reports, regulations, and interviews with experts for data collection. Partial and holistic thematic analysis approaches were used to extract causes and causal factors. Fish Bone (FB), Bow Tie (BT), and Swiss Cheese Model (SCM) were used in open and axial coding of causes and causal factors, and extracting logical sequences of events and consequences of accidents. To confirm the findings, we used expert opinion.

We identified 174 causal factors by open coding and 17 causal factor categories by axial coding. FB and SC were evaluated as efficient in the inductive classification of incident sub-systems. BT was able to help in presenting the system components and the logical relationships between them, drawing the time sequence, and providing control suggestions in an inductive and deductive approach.

Latent failures in management and supervision in issuing building and operation licenses and in occupational health and safety take medical centers to the edge of accidents. It leads to active failures in fire control and emergency response. Finally, it causes mishaps, like the fire accident in Sina Mehr medical clinic in Tehran. New accident models are useful for identifying factors that cause fire accidents and providing practical interventions for medical centers.

Human errors cause major accidents in many industries, including railway industries. Several factors also play a role in the occurrence of such errors. The quality of people's sleep may affect their probability of human error. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sleep quality on the probability of human error in employees of railway traffic control rooms.

Methods and Materials:

 This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2021 with 115 male employees working in railway traffic controls. In this survey, each participant completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the Self-report of Human Error Probability Questionnaire (SHEPQ). Data were analyzed using Spearman and Independent T-Test.

According to the results of the study, the mean age ± (Standard Deviation (SD)) and work experience ± (SD) of the participants were 36.57 ± (5.22) and 10.09 ± (5.66), respectively. 36.5%, 49.6%, 18% and, 21.7% of participants had 23 ≤GHQ≤ 40, PSQI> 5, ESS≥13 and SHEPQ> 50, respectively. Also, there is a significant relationship between PSQIScore and ESSScore, with the probability of human error (P<0.001, Correlation Coefficient (CC) = 0.399, P<0.001, CC = 0.412, respectively). In addition, there was a significant relationship between the mean error scores in the sleep quality subgroups (P<0.001).

According to the findings of this study, poor sleep quality is an important factor in the incidence of human error.

employees have a significant impact on the organization productivity and efficiency. On the other hand human performance may have effect by environmental conditions. The purpose of this research was to investigate the association between workplace environmental factors, mental fatigue, and worker performance in open plan offices.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted with 85 office employees from an industrial company. Workplace physical factors such as noise, light, and temperature were assessed. Job performance (cognitive and Time) and Mental Fatigue Scale (MFS) questionnaire were evaluated.

The workers' time performance had a significant and inverse correlation with the noise level in the workplace (r=0.251). In addition, the aforementioned performance exhibited a substantial link with the temperature of the working environment (at the 0.01 level) and an inverse correlation (r=0.317). The workers' time performance was not identified (p> 0.05). The association between both cognitive performance variables and the three workplace factors of noise, light, and temperature was not statically important (p>0.05). There was a considerable correlation between mental fatigue and noise intensity (r= 0.303), but there was no correlation between the light intensity and mental fatigue among the office employees in open plan offices. (p>0.05).

The results of this research demonstrated that noise and temperature may be stressful and lead to an increase in the mental workload and mental fatigue of employees who work in open plan offices, hence impacting the work performance of them. Therefore, reducing workplace stressors (noise and temperature) and mental fatigue is essential to improve the performance of office employees.

Designing appropriate interventions to improve the favorable care attitude can have a great effect on improving the quality of life. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of an educational intervention on the caring attitude of caregivers of individuals with intellectual disabilities.

This study was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design and a control group. Fifty caregivers in six residential rehabilitation centers were randomly divided into two groups. To measure the effectiveness of the intervention, the Goreczny's attitude questionnaire was used to collect data on the caregivers' attitudes towards individuals with intellectual disabilities. The questionnaire was administered before the intervention (pre-test) and after the intervention (post-test) to both the intervention and control groups. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16 software.

Our study showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the mean attitude score of the caregivers in both the intervention and control groups before the implementation of the educational intervention (p>0.05) that indicates the two groups were similar in terms of their attitude scores at the beginning of the study. However, after the implementation of the educational program, there was a significant increase in the attitude score among the caregivers in the intervention group in which the mean score increased from 125 ± 9.50 before the intervention to 174 ± 6.42 after the intervention (p<0.001). This suggests that the educational intervention was effective in improving the caring attitude of the caregivers towards intellectually individuals with intellectual disabilities.

Our findings indicate that targeted training programs designed to enhance the attitudes of caregivers towards individuals with intellectual disabilities can result in a substantial improvement in the quality of care provided to this vulnerable population. As such, these results could serve as an important guide for policymakers and healthcare professionals in developing and implementing effective interventions to address the unique needs of individuals with intellectual disabilities.

Chemicals are necessary for many economic activities and daily life. However, they can create noxious effects on individuals. It is required more attention to human (worker) health on the route of attainment of sustainable development. The present study reviews the studies done in the field of the effect of toxicants on workers' health. Also, the study investigated the role of toxicology in ensuring sustainable development.

This study has systematically reviewed articles from 2010 to 2020 in PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus and SID. Keywords of MeSH and non- MeSH related to the aim of the present study were searched in English and Persian languages. Also, the investigations were updated to 2022. Finally, 32 articles were investigated in this study.

Studied articles had been carried out in the developed countries (62.5%), developing countries (34.38%), and the least developed country (3.12%). The chemicals were subdivided into four groups of chemicals: solvents, pesticides, heavy metals, and other chemicals. The effects were observed in the exposure to solvents (9 articles), pesticides (8 articles), heavy metals (6 articles), others (9 articles). Also, the studies included population-based case-control, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort.

A wide range of individuals have an exposure to the effects of chemicals. A strong relationship has been observed between occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents, heavy metals, herbicides, and organophosphates to adverse effects. More awareness of decision-makers and employers on the effects of toxicants or hazardous chemicals can control, help prevent effects, and also achieve sustainable development.

The main purpose of this analysis was to provide an understanding of the professional prestige of nursing as a concept.

Determining which nurses have professional prestige requires a clear definition and explanation of the different dimensions of this concept. Therefore, the current study was conducted with the aim of explaining the concept of professional prestige in nursing. Walker and Avant's method was used to determine the defining features of the concept. The results of the review of the texts available in Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Magiran databases with the keywords professional prestige, occupational prestige, professional dignity, professional status, professional image, and nursing without time limit, and based on the entry criteria, 24 articles were included.

Professional prestige in nursing was defined. The defining features of this concept include social status, income and salary, job satisfaction, independence in decision-making, professional commitment, self-confidence, education, and continuous training. It also includes social status effective in promoting professional commitment and independence in decision-making in nurses, which ultimately leads to the provision of safe care services for patients.

The results of the analysis in this study can provide an objective and comprehensible picture of the professional prestige of nursing and be an effective step for training, strengthening, measuring, and developing this concept to provide quality and safe nursing services by nurses

compressed natural gas stations are one of the most critical and dangerous urban land uses and should be highly regarded. The domino effects of accidents are essential concepts in urban areas. The present study aims to analyze explosive domino accidents at compressed natural gas stations (CNG). Modeling the consequence in fuel stations can minimize the likelihood of a crisis and losses.

 This study was conducted by Process Hazard Analysis System Tools (PHAST), which evaluates the effects of risks on compressed natural gas stations. Methane gas was used as fuel material in this study. This Modeling was carried out by determining the scenario and explosion model based on the atmospheric parameters, and adjacent land uses. Domino effects are analyzed in two aspects, physical and demographic, in three stages: consequence modeling, risk analysis by the QRA model, and overlapping the explosion wave using the geographical information system.

 The results showed that the explosion wave expanded up to 500 and the most damage to individuals and equipment occurred within 140 meters, so those present in the area will suffer great damage due to the blast wave pressure. There is no serious threat in the more than 100 meters from the explosion wave, and the safety radius is 500 meters. Risk assessment showed that social risk was unacceptable and that measures should be taken to reduce risk. The use of GIS software was very effective in the explosion.

 As the results, it is inferred that analyzing cascade accidents at compressed natural gas stations before the crisis can reduce physical and demographic losses. Applying the PHAST and GIS model helped determine the explosive radius of the estimation of adjacent land uses and the number of vulnerable people.